Fuel Dumping:
In general terms, aircraft have two major types of weight limits, those being the maximum structural takeoff weight, and the maximum structural landing weight, with the maximum structural landing weight always being the lower of the two. This allows an aircraft on a normal, routine flight to take off at the higher weight, consume fuel enroute, and arrive at a lower weight. (There are other variables involving takeoff and landing weights, but they are omitted from this discussion for the sake of simplicity).
It is the abnormal, non-routine flight where landing weight can be an issue. If a flight takes off at the maximum structural takeoff weight and then faces a situation where they must return to the departure airport (due to certain mechanical problems, or a passenger medical issue) they will not have time to consume the fuel getting to their original destination, and will be over the maximum structural landing weight to land back at the departure point.









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